Problems with Act Utilitarianism

Problems with Act Utilitarianism According to act utilitarianism, the measure of the value of an act is the amount by which it increases happiness to a person. If the act produces much happiness as compared to any other act then the act is morally right. To understand the term act utilitarianism, compare the consequences of doing a charity work and the consequences of watching TV at home. A person can generate more happiness by doing charity work as compared to watching TV. In this situation according to act utilitarianism, the right thing for a person is to do charity work as compared to watching TV because charity work will generate more happiness. Problem with Act utilitarianism Though there is some criticism on this theory because for some people the act of torturing and enslavement is a source of happiness and this theory allows these act morally. This act according to some critics justifies crime. Another issue about this act is that how will the happiness be calculated. This is always difficult to find out that which act will generate more happiness. Rule utilitarianism Rule utilitarianismÂÂ  is a form ofÂÂ  utilitarianismÂÂ  that says an action is correct only if it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good and generates happiness. For rule utilitarians, the amount of good brought about when followed determines its rightness. ÂÂ  Rule utilitarians argue that following some rules leads to the greatest good will, and this will have have better consequences overall. Problem with rule utilitarianism In some cases ÂÂ  breaking the rule produces more utility so people tend to break rules. In this case sub-rules should be added that can handle such cases. Difference between Act utilitarianism and Rule utilitarianism These two forms of utilitarianism differ from each other. Act utilitarianism is based on consequences while rule utilitarianism is based on rules. Act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself whereas rule utilitarianism sees the consequences as if it will be repeated all over again. Act utilitarianism before choosing an act first looks into the consequences then the one with the better consequence is selected while rule utilitarianism looks first into the consequences of choosing what rule to follow. The more correct choice is the rule that generates the greatest utility or happiness. According to the theories, act utilitarianism is the belief that it is correct to break a rule as long as it brings a greater good and happiness, while Rule utilitarianism is a belief that even if a rule does not bring a greater good, breaking it will not bring a good either. In Act Utilitarianism the value of an action is not judged in terms of laws. Instead it states that when the actions benefit the most people they are moral. For example, a person might say it is moral to murder someone if they are a danger to society. even though the law is present against murder. Rule utilitarianism states that an action is correct only in reference to a rule. It measures the amount of good an individual action does by acting according to a law. For example, taking the same example of murder, a person might say ÂÂ  Murder is wrong according to the law and if everyone follows the law, no one will have to be afraid of being murdered and we can be in public and private spaces without any fear. Conclusion Act utilitarianism states that an act is correct if the act produces much happiness as compared to any other act. Act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself . There is some criticism on this theory because for some people the act of torturing and enslavement is a source of happiness and this theory allows these act morally. Rule utilitarianismÂÂ  is a form ofÂÂ  utilitarianismÂÂ  that says an action is correct only if it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good and generates happiness. There is some criticism on this theory because in some cases ÂÂ  breaking the rule produces more utility so people tend to break rules. The difference between these two acts is that act utilitarianism sees the consequence of an action in itself whereas rule utilitarianism sees the consequences as if it will be repeated all over again. Act utilitarianism is the belief that it is correct to break a rule as long as it brings a greater good and happiness, while Rule utilitarianism is a belief that even if a rule does not bring a greater good, breaking it will not bring a good either.

Importance of Personal Ethical Viewpoint

Personal Ethical Viewpoint A personal ethical viewpoint is a statement that defines what a person believes in, in terms of ethics, morals and values. Almost every part of our life is governed by our ethical viewpoint. What do you believe is right and wrong? It is represented in the way that you act, respond and live your life every day. Your ethics, morals and values define your strength of character. They show who you really are as a person.These values are learned and developed as you grow from a child to an adult. It is important to know what you believe in because as the old saying goes, â€Å"If you don’t stand for anything, you will fall for everything. † The ethical lens exercise helped opened my eyes and helped me to further define my ethical viewpoint. As an African-American, I have always valued the equality of all people because I feel this is the just way to live. As a child, I was taught to value justice and justice is righteousness.So, the ethical lens inv entory was correct about these two values, but I feel that the exercise overemphasized the fact that I value rationality over sensibility. I do believe in being logical because yes, sometimes things do not feel great but using rationality can help you come to the best decision. But, this does not mean that I do not value sensibility; I feel that I am a very sensitive person and I always consider others feelings before I say or do anything. This proves that I do value sensibility.According to the Ethical Lens Inventory, my preferred ethical lenses are rights, responsibility and relationship lens. This means that I value mine and other’s rights. I feel that taking responsibility is important. It also means that I prefer to have personal relationships rather than being alone. My blind spot is the belief that motive justifies method or overconfidence in the process. To be quite honest, I am not sure how much I agree with this statement but, I must say that I do believe with all m y heart that justice should be upheld.Justice is fairness so I do not think that this could hurt someone that does not deserve it. My strength is being able to logically think and research options before I take action. My weakness is feeling sad or guilty when I am not able to provide justice or seeing someone who did not receive justice. My classical values are temperance and justice. Temperance is the using moderation and self- restraint. My course of action is always defined by my personal ethics. I will continue to uphold justice in every situation because RIGHT is RIGHT!

Mental Health & The Workplace

Participants were randomly selected from an electronic version of the white pages and were sent informational letters regarding the study to their home. A total of 2790 participants were obtained; 1390 female and 1396 male, all over the age of 18 at time 1; 2009. Time 2 (2010) consisted of participants from Time 1 who agreed to a follow-up and there was a 74% response rate (N=2024; 927 female and 1147 male). All dependent variables were measured using accredited questionnaires. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9).This questionnaire is a nine item scale constructed from the DSM-lVs diagnostic past month, how often were you bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? † Responses were measured with frequency ranging from O (not at all) and 3 (nearly every day) and severity O (no depression) and 27 (severe/clinical). Sickness absence and presenteeism were measured using the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire. The questionnaires recorded the number of days that were missed due to being sick physically and or mentally and the employees weekly work hours.Bullying was measured by having an operational definition provided for the participants and then being asked to report if they ever felt subjected to those behaviors. Job strain was measured using the Job Content Questionnaire asking on a four point Likert scale (1 †strongly disagree to 4=strongly agree) inquiring about how taxing their Job was. Table 1 depicts that individuals with mild depression show a doubling in estimated productivity costs, 1040$, when it has to do with annual sickness absence. For sickness absence this number is tripled compared to the employee without depression at 1616$.The annual costs for presenteeism followed similar trends showing that there is not much of an increase from moderately severe depressed employed and severe. The effects of depression on the individual ranges in the thousands of dollars annually compared to the employee who does not suffer from depression. Table 2 illustrates the costs that organizations face nationally. The majority of the costs can be traced back to the individuals who are suffering from mild depression despite severely depressed workers costing more individually.The total costs of depression nationally are under 8 billion. Table 3 (PAR=Population Attributable Risk, OR†odd Ratios) shows that bullying is a significant predictor for depression (6% 0 2. 54 OR). Job strain without bullying had no significant effects. Regardless, the impact of the significant results of Job strain, Job strain and bullying, and bullying that is attributed to depression cost around 693 million. Lerner et al. (2010) also investigated the impact of depression on work performance and impact stressors. Like the previous study, Lerner et al. akes into consideration how stressful work place behaviors can either create or enhance depression. Much of this research is based on the Job demand-contr ol-support framework which indicates that work involving high psychologic demands will be harmful to health, whereas work involving control and/or social support will be protective (Lerner et al. , 2010, p. 205). Using a longitudinal cohort study surveys were distributed at 6,12, and 18 months. There were a total of 14,268 participants between the ages of 18-62 years; 286 of them being depressed and 193 of them being controls.

Home Depot Supply Chain Management - 1480 Words

Home Depot Supply Chain Management The History of Home Depot Growth of the Organization Home Depot (TheHomeDepot, n.d.) began as a two store operation in Atlanta, GA in 1979. The concept was the brainchild of Bernie Marcus and Arthur Blank, with inspiration from investment banker Ken Langone and well know merchandising expert Pat Farrah. They envisioned a one stop, do it yourself store that carried most of the products needed to do common home care projects. The first two Atlanta based stores were 60,000 square foot facilities that carried approximately 25,000 different Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) maintained in large, open warehouse style isles (The Home Depot, n.d., The Alfano Group, 2015). According to the Home Depots (n.d.) history bio, the volume of products available dwarfed typical hardware store inventory and variety, while empty boxes stacked on shelves above gave the illusion of carrying an even larger volume of product on a daily basis. 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