Travel and Tourism Trends and Factors Free Essays

A pattern Is something that is reoccurring increasingly more regularly until It turns into a well known activity. The primary pattern I will investigate Is the more prominent flexiblllty of booking items. This has gotten conceivable because of modifications in the customary chain of dispersion. We will compose a custom paper test on Travel and Tourism Trends and Factors or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now This identifies with the pattern of utilizing the Internet to book occasions as It Is a ton through this wherein individuals can book their items. The explanation behind this that the administrations, for example, the principals have their own sites. his makes It more straightforward and simpler for the ustomers to contact them legitimately and book their days off thusly. 1 In November 201 2, Thomas COOK which has 1. 300 trip specialist shops, had to go to its banks for expanded advances as it seemed as though it probably won't battle to endure. The effect this has had Is the way that there isn’t close as much interest for in branch travel organizations as everything is done for all intents and purposes through the principals. Anyway in doing this it has caused a decrease in cost for the movement offices as they also have moved on the web. 3Wlth around 50 percent of travelers going from the uK on spending plan irlines and very nearly 40 percent of holidaymakers booking ‘ DIY’ occasions, both contribution added adaptability to an outing, guaranteeing the transportation of baggage Is as practical as the remainder of the occasion is getting progressively troublesome. This additionally affects the traveler travel data focuses as the principals by and large just offer a fundamental help and along these lines the visitor Information offered by certain organizations wouldn’t be remembered for their administration. So the traveler travel Information focuses would need to gracefully more handouts and aides for the sightseers so they can think about the nearby attractions and where to visit as a vacationer. Something else it affects is the requirement for settlement, as it is conceivable to contact the inns straightforwardly they may need to progress and grow their inns to satisfy the need for additional clients Instead of Just the clients who book through movement offices and visit administrators as a feature of bundles. Principals do sell their items straightforwardly to their clients anyway the conventional chain of dispersion Is as yet existent however it isn't at the bleeding edge of the movement and the travel industry as it has been before. It Is assessed that over 95% of occasions are currently reserved on the web, owever it is just a little level of these that are reserved as isolated principals. In 2012, Thomas Cook Group made 25% of Its deals through Its own web channels. OFS witn weD deals In Nortnern Europe at K bundle Duslness at 3 conveyance is a key territory of center for the Group going ahead and will be created as a component of an Omni-channel dissemination procedure. The following pattern I will investigate is Adventure Holidays. 4The visa travel to experience report (2009) express that the experience travel advertise is worth E180m per year to the movement and the travel industry. This is a territory of the Travel and Tourism ndustry that is quickly becoming because of the expans ion of individuals who need to encounter thrill and daring and invigorating encounters in their extra time. The term Adventure can be utilized to discuss a wide scope of occasions; it can differ from something as straightforward as a journey along the waterway Nile to trekking in the Himalayas, visiting the fields of Africa or Scuba making a plunge remote waters. There are sure nations that advertise their selves as experience occasion goals; a case of one of these nations is New Zealand. New Zealand offers a wide scope of experience ctivities, for example, Canyoning, Bungee Jumping, Hot Air Ballooning, Under Sea Canyoning and White Water Rafting. The chart here shows the various areas and kinds of exercises of experience occasions. A portion of these goals are extremely remote and along these lines the effect these experience occasions would have is an expansion in settlement expected to provide food for the expanding number of individuals. In doing this there would be an expansion of Jobs and furthermore an extension of offices accessible in these zones. In the expansion it would likewis e welcome new organizations to move into the region as there is a decent chance to xpand their organizations to there. Anyway as the organizations do grow to these areas there is the danger of Americanisation and the common and remote areas could lose the regular excellence that numerous individuals come explicitly to see. The explanation that these occasions and this goal are turning out to be progressively mainstream is on the grounds that individuals currently have the chance and the correspondence accessible to them to book these things and attempt new encounters, additionally it enlarges the class of occasion to a further crowd and can cook for these individuals who might lean toward an undertaking occasion in contrast with a family or loosening up occasion. The YouGov overview (2009) 6shows an anticipated 70% expansion in investment in experience travel throughout the following 3 years. In view of our overview reactions, contrasted with the past three years. I ne tnlra ana Tlnal pattern I will investigate Is new aestlnatlons. wnat I mean Dy this is the new and energizing far away goals that are currently offered to clients because of the development in aviation innovation. From the I-JK there are many goals you can travel to. At the point when business flights initially started no one would have had the option to travel to the Caribbean or to South America. Yet at this point a great many eople visit each year. As the hunger for the long stretch goals has expanded, as a rule the ticket costs have fallen which makes them accessible for some more clients who may have been out of the value go when they initially opened up. Requests for goals vary all the occasions because of an assortment of variables. ABTA’s Travel Trends report propose that, for a goal to become â€Å"hot† and draw in more guests, it must score profoundly on the accompanying six focuses which are wellbeing, openness, framework, moderateness, climate and the X factor. Erik Wolf, leader of the International Culinary Tourism Association, said attention to the significance of this segment has been expanding over the world for quite a long while. He uncovered that there are â€Å"always new goals that get the attention of culinary travellers† and depicted Singapore, Peru and South Australia as â€Å"particularly hot right now†. The effect of new goals is the way that there will be more individuals visiting these out of sight that will assist them with developing and extend which will decidedly help their economy Destinations that ABTA says has these are Dubai, Germany, Morocco, Canada and South Africa. Spain is a top remote goal for EIJ occupants in 2012. There has been 1% less business voyagers in 2013 than in 2012. There are 6% a greater number of guests to Spain in 2013 than in 2012. In 2005 there were 29. 971 million guests in the UK however expanded in 2012 to 31. 084 million guests. A hot most loved to turn into another well known goal in 2014 and the up and coming years is brazil. Because of the forthcoming scene cup and Olympic games Factors A factor is something that influences something whether it be decidedly or adversely, much the same as everything else there are factors that influence the movement and the travel industry. The principal factor I will investigate is that of Natural Disasters. Cataclysmic events, for example, volcanic emissions, Tsunamis, floods and storms, can make devastation a countrys travel and the travel industry segment. The Asian tidal wave that influenced Indian Ocean nations in late 2004 and Hurricane Katrina’s demolition of New Orleans in 2005 are models that are very natural. The emission of the Iceland spring of gushing lava and ensuing debris cover over Europe is another a valid example. In spite of the fact that travel industry can be gravely influenced immediately when such fiascos happen, the division has substantiated itself to e exceptionally strong even with affliction. The travel industry in zones influenced by cataclysmic events as a rule comes back to its previous state, on the rear of interest in new lodgings, framework and other visitor offices. The tidal wave in Japan in 2011 had a ton of negative consequences for the Japanese travel and the travel industry. Japanese Travel Tourism GDP fell 4% during 2011, with household spending down 2. 9% and guest sends out down 27% †in accordance with a 28% decrease in global traveler appearances. This thus had a thump on impact on capital interest in Japan’s Travel ; Tourism segment, hich fell by an expected 6. 2%, notwithstanding significant remaking endeavors later in the year. The following element I will investigate is that of Terrorism. Because of fear based oppression security all through the entire of the movement and the travel industry segment has expanded radically. England is perhaps the most secure nation on the planet for travelers to visit and investigate, yet late psychological oppressor occasions far and wide, and the London besieging of 717 2005 specifically, have made wellbeing and security a key issue for the travel industry segment in the I-JK. Following 9/1 , additional safety efforts were presented at air terminals over the world, hile the London shelling prompted elevated security at railroad stations the nation over. Albeit such measures can cause additional postponements, most explorers are happy to forfeit a brief period as an end-result of a more secure Journey. One of the most noticeably terrible recorded fear based oppressor assaults was 9/1 which the event that happened when two planes were seized and flown into the world exchange community. After the 9/1 assaults in 2001, New York City lost $323. 7 million in the travel industry income as guests kept away from the city in dread of another assault. Also, however the travel industry to New York City today is higher than t’s ever been, it took quite a long while to bounce back. The third and last factor I will investigate is Cost of Travel. Travel costs are consistently cnanglng in light of aemana. wnen aemana Is low comp

My Favorite Hobby Free Essays

Wind blowing into my face, my eyes where following couple of moments the detaches come and I am speeding and crying however this are not the tears of pity but rather the tears of delight. Stop. Here I am in the most wonderful spot on the planet, encompassed by mountains canvassed in day off. We will compose a custom paper test on My Favorite Hobby or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Sun is sparkling, despite the fact that it’s less ten yet I haven’t even saw in light of the fact that I’m excessively cheerful. I have the sentiment of being large and in charge and that there’s nothing that can stop me. It’s incredible to have an energy that causes you to feel this way. I’m fortunate to have one. During the time that the vast majority of individuals like to spend drinking warm tea and perusing a novel, I’m cruising through day off, my legs tied to a wide board of wood and fiberglass, rehearsing sport known as snowboarding. Composing this exposition helped me to understand that I haven’t picked this leisure activity by a fortuitous event. Both of the qualities of this game changed the world history. Occasions like the French transformation of 1789 or the uprising in the Jewish ghetto in Warsaw in 1943, would not have occurred if individuals hadn’t had boldness and faith in opportunity. Fortitude. Numerous individuals who realize me well say, that I have fortitude. I originate from a group of business people. I was brought up in this soul by my pioneering guardians who had large regard for difficult work. I discovered that difficult work will consistently be remunerated. I helped in my family’s business, since I turned 14 and I took in the upsides and downsides of having your own business. Despite the fact that the disservices appeared to be large to me around then, as a lone youngster I realized that I would maintain the business one day. When I turned 18, I was completely content with this thought. It’s difficult to envision how large my stun was the point at which one year later my dad got a cerebrum disease and died and after a year our self-manufactured family organization. The stun was huge and endured long however I knew one thing †I had no arrangement and I required one. I set up myself and made another arrangement †examining, creating myself, putting resources into what my dad used to state â€Å"nobody will ever have the option to detract from you† which is information. Where I am today, doing what I do is the consequence of that experience and my understanding, constancy and difficult work. Opportunity. During a trade program for understudies, we played a game in which every one of us needed to pick 3 words speaking to our qualities. Shockingly I had no issue to pick the main â€Å"freedom†. I found that stunning to find, that opportunity was more critical to me than things like â€Å"family†, which was the number two, â€Å"love†, also †â€Å"career† or â€Å"development†. Indeed, even today I realize that just through â€Å"freedom† would i be able to accomplish the various qualities that are imperative to me. It arranges my needs and my ethical framework. It’s the opportunity of my own decisions and the opportunity of continually representing what I have faith in. Additionally, it is likewise about trustworthiness and regard to others, which are my own implicit rules. What's more, when fundamental it is the opportunity to surrender a portion of our opportunity out of adoration and regard for other people. Boldness and all the thoughts of opportunity portrayed above are helping me to be fruitful in business. I am consistently an advertiser of genuineness and straightforwardness in the work environment, also a major supporter of the feasible advancement plan. What makes it unique yet not less leaving than my game exercises, is the way that I don’t need to do it in short ten degrees Celsius†¦ The most effective method to refer to My Favorite Hobby, Essay models

Career Opportunities in Public Service Expected to Rise COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Career Opportunities in Public Service Expected to Rise COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Several news outlets recently have published good news for those interested in careers related to the public sector.   Career opportunities are expected to rise in the coming years which bodes well for those interested in professional degrees related to public administration and international affairs.   The following comes from a May 11th article in The Chronicle of Higher Education.   The quote is in response to a rise in the number of applications submitted to public policy related programs this past year: The main reason the schools cited was the expectation that the public sector will be on a hiring spree at a time when the private sector is still laying off workers. Two factors could result in the hiring of an additional 600,000 government workersâ€"representing one-third of the federal government’s current work forceâ€"in the next three years, says Tim McManus, vice president for education and outreach at the Partnership for Public Service, a Washington, D.C., group that encourages careers in the federal government, Baby boomers who entered government service soon after the Kennedy era are beginning to retire, and as President Obama’s economic rescue and recovery plan kicks in, a wave of new government jobs will be created.

Imperialism Could Have Grown American Into A World Power

Imperialism could have grown American into a world power and still have respected different cultures. Americans viewed the growing nation as a â€Å"melting pot† mixing all cultures into the â€Å"American culture†, which was at the root, white-supremacy. American imperialism was executed poorly by bulldozing the cultures, if America valued and coexisted with the different cultures, an incredible amount of culture and lives could have been saved. Expanding America should have been similar to making a mixed salad, each ingredient is valued on its own and is bound together by a common ingredient. This way cultures are appreciated and respected, brought together by American patriotism of freedom. There is still some mixing from the nation, but it does†¦show more content†¦Chinese markets would greatly benefit American life through financial advancement and elevating ranking to a world power, but by squandering the Philippines, dysfunction and deep-rooted damage wo uld be instituted, contrary to Beveridge and his supporter’s goals. American imperialism expanded the number of products sold through the increased markets offered in foreign countries because new natural resources were obtained from the seized area. Yet, the process of Americans obtaining Philippine crops would be manipulation, since the price given for the land to the previous owner would be substantially lower than the market value of products of the crops. The Philippines had countless untapped natural resources that the natives were not utilizing, which the American colonies would overuse, leaving nothing for the inhabitants. Albert J. Beverage observed the abundant amount of mineral deposits and unknown crops, during his six-month Philippines trip in 1899. The region of the Philippines is a tropical zone, nutrient rich soil, being capable of growing different products that could not be grown on American land, which is what makes it so treasurable. Through American imper ialism, Philippine resources, what they used for their lives andShow MoreRelatedU.s. Foreign Policy Up1045 Words   |  5 PagesImperialism Questions Describe US foreign policy up until 1890. What key events took place in US I in regards to expansion. Summarize them. In the 1800s, there were many disputes over land borders involving Canada, Britain, and Mexico. The Aroostook War was a border dispute between Canada and Maine that was settled by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842; both sides gained some concessions. There was a border dispute with Britain in the Oregon Territory. In 1846, America and Britain agreed on theRead MoreAnalysis Of Conrad s The Heart Of Darkness794 Words   |  4 PagesThe world a century and a half ago was a radically different place. Not all land in the world had definite geopolitical boundaries. Many people of more advanced civilizations looked down upon those with lesser technology. There were still places to be colonized and civilized. Imperialism in the 1800s and 1900s generally followed five stereotypes. Black people are a separate and lesser species. Natives are generally thought of as being savages. Under the right circumstances, anyone can lose touchRead MoreUnited States Government Expansion Essay752 Words à ‚  |  4 PagesUnited States Government has grown significantly in size, scope, and influence. There are many contributing factors to this expansion. The quest for civil rights, presidential programs and how those programs affected domestic policy, and the foreign policies that were a result of imperialism, nationalism, and the many conflicts that the nation became involved in were the biggest catalysts attributing to this progressive development in the government. These effects have shaped the government from theRead MoreThe Age of Imperialism Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism was a time period in which more developed nations colonized less developed nations. The developed nations took advantage of the less developed nations resources, people, lands, and much more. Many countries lost their freedom and independence due to imperialism, however, they also received new technologies and innovations. Since there were many nations involved, there were many attributes that led up to imperialism. Firstly, the Europeans wanted economic expansion. Since the industrialRead MoreAmerican Imperialism and the Colonization of the Philippines Essay1583 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Imperialism and the Colonization of the Philippines The irony of the 1898 Spanish-American war was that Americans fought partly to aid Cubans in the fight for Cuban sovereignty, and the United States ended up colonizing some territories they won from Spain, like the Philippines. Despite America’s previous claims of only supporting independence and democracy, the United States became an imperialist power and colonized the Philippines (Introduction to the Spanish-American war and theRead MoreThe White Man s Burden1415 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful colonial power in the world. With colonies stretching from islands in the Caribbean to islands in the far Pacific, Britain had built an empire using this idea imperialism—the domination and exertion of contemporary British ideas, most often through trade, investments, and occupation. This display of British power certainly resonated with many throughout the world, especially other European powers that had imperialistic fascinations of their own. In fact, the spread of imperial ism was encouragedRead MoreThe Imperial Republic1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Imperial Republic Why did the U.S. Pursue Imperialism The US begun to close the frontier which increased fears that the resources the country had were dwindling. This fear of dwindling resources would push the US to find resources abroad. The US had also had a taste of power when it subjugated the Indian tribes and had grown used to exerting colonial control over dependent people. The 1893 depression drove businessmen to look overseas for new markets. There was also a surge in efficiencyRead MoreU.s. Navy As A Symbol Of Power1464 Words   |  6 Pagesthe population due to the Industrial Revolution and electricity, business owners now have the desire and oppurtunity to expand towards new markets. It would not only bring in new wealth, but help solve the economic despression. Culture Inspired by the philosophy of Social Darwanism, Anglo-Saxons or people of English descent believed they had a notion of superiority over any other culture. With this, Americans justified the view that it was the responsibility of the United States to help establishRead MoreNegative Impacts Of Nationalism1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbecame a nation of individuals in certain countries that they could call their own. Nationalism has also helped in the improvement of incomes and education by helping those citizens to come together for a common good. The negative impacts of nationalism is the imposing of views on other societies. Religion for example was used as a tool to impose Europes nationalistic views on the countries they conquered. They wanted every country to have European influence and change parts of their culture to makeRead MoreThe Treaty Of Paris Of 18981119 Words   |  5 Pages An anonymous solider, while stationed in the Philippines after the Spanish-American War, once sai d, â€Å"I don’t believe the people of the U.S. understand the condition of things here†¦I have seen enough to almost make me ashamed to call myself an American† (Miller). The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made that involved Spain renouncing nearly all of its remaining empire, freeing Cuba, as well as ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. This marked the beginning of

Microsoft s Supply Chain Management Essay - 1668 Words

Transmittal Letter Adam McDonald 1611 La Rossa Cir San Jose, CA, 95125 Brian Krzanich 2200 Mission College Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95054 Dear Mr. Krzanich My name is Adam McDonald, and I’m a student at the University of San Francisco. I currently study computer science, and before attending USF, I accumulated 4 years of progressive supply chain management experience. The problem being addressed in this proposal should be a serious concern to you and the shareholders of Intel. Numerous competitors have entered the market over the last decade that have been profiting on the cheap labor tactics found in Asia. In order for Intel to remain an industry leader in the future, innovative supply chain solutions need to be made. The first step to innovating Intel’s supply chain starts with RFID technology. Over the last four years, I’ve delt a great deal with RFID supply chains, and have seen first hand the positive advancements that are made with them. If given the opportunity to lead this project with your company, I believe I can close the gap between Intel and it’s competitors. Warm regards, Adam McDonald Table of Contents Here you will create a table of contents, which should be neat and professional-looking. Executive Summary While Intel remains a leader in technologies, the manufacturing processes used are dated, and need to be changed. By implementing RFID technology within Intel warehouses, the company can find gaps within the supply chain, and develop solutionsShow MoreRelatedApplication Of A Enterprise Application1088 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness processes more closely. There are 4 major enterprise applications 1.Enterprise resource planning 2.Supply chain management 3.Customer relationship management 4.Knowledge management system As per the project we are mainly concentrate on enterprise resource planning. 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There are 4 major enterprise applications 1.Enterprise resource planning 2.Supply chain management 3.Customer relationship management 4.Knowledge management system As per the project we are mainly concentrate on enterprise resource planning. Enterprise resource planning- Enterprise resource planning is a type of software Functionality- It provides an end-to-end information management solution for a company. This software could be used by all departments within the company to manageRead MoreEnterprise Information Systems : Managing The Digital Firm1228 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness processes more closely and combining groups of processes so they can concentrate on efficient management of resources and customer service. There are 4 major enterprise applications 1.Enterprise resource planning 2.Supply chain management 3.Customer relationship management 4.Knowledge management system As per the project we are mainly concentrate on enterprise resource planning. 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We used for information-based system, intranet, and paperless system at work. We need a financial management system to deal with the financial things, and Decision Support System can help and support the decision and strategy. Along with IT developingï ¼Å'it is more and more important in business. It can strengthen enterprise competitiveness and promoteRead MoreHow The Supply Chain Has Evolved Over The Years1033 Words   |  5 Pages The supply chain has evolved over the years. With new businesses that are on the rise in the competitive world it is important to stay on top. Different merchants create better deals that cause relationships between the suppliers and their customers to the end. I wanted to explore those relationships and research the history of the â€Å"supply chain†. I wanted to know how things were ran and how they are able to sustain business when the economy changes. How supply chain management has evolved InRead MoreRelevant Types Of E Business Models1701 Words   |  7 Pages is the supply and delivery of an extensive range of food products which include smallgoods, fresh meat, seafood, dairy, dry goods and food packaging to customers in the Foodservice and Route trade industries. This includes cafes, restaurants, hotels, schools, clubs, delicatessens, fruit barns and convenience stores. All of its customers are either retailers in the food industry or businesses which includes the service of food in their operations, therefore the company’s business model(s) falls intoRead MoreApplication Of An Erp System Vendor For Their Running Business1688 Words   |  7 Pagesinclude all the details of deploying ERP system solutions and the most efficient solutions for this small businesses. The IT software retailer chosen for this case report includes Microsoft Dynamics, Oracle, and SAP. Requirement 1: The business functional areas their product supports. Microsoft Dynamic developed by Microsoft is a software application company comprises a line of enterprise resource planning product primarily geared towards midsize or small businesses. SAP SE Multinational SoftwareRead MoreHow Microsoft Has A Successful Computer Based Product With The Technological Marketplace1631 Words   |  7 Pageswill create a solid market, where they could reap the benefits of the profits associated with these products. Operation management and the various elements that make up this business strategy play an important role in the success, or failure of the different products. Therefore, companies must be careful in their deployment of these operational management techniques. Microsoft has a long history of lunching successful computer based product with the technological marketplace. However, there history

Good in the Moral Context Free Essays

GOOD IN THE MORAL CONTEXT i. e. OBJECTIVISIT, SUBJECTIVIST AND FUNCTIONALIST ‘Good’ can be described from three views: †¢Objectivist †¢Subjectivist †¢Functionalist Objectivist point of view One main philosopher who defended the objectivist point of view was George Edward (G. We will write a custom essay sample on Good in the Moral Context or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. ) Moore. In his book Principia Ethica, Moore discussed the definition of the word ‘good’. With this book he influenced the philosophers who came after him. The objectivist point of view is naturalism i. e. (what moral law predictates, usually from the natural law). In defining the word ‘good’, G. E. Moore attacks the objectivist point of view. He criticizes the naturalistic point of view. Moore, an intuitionist (meaning he is someone who decides if something is good or wrong by reflecting on his own, without anyone explaining to him) disagreed that good could be explained objectively. Moore criticised Utilitiarians as they were emotivists, i. e. depending on feelings. Thus they defined ‘good’ according to feelings. So good = pleasure. Thus utilitarians do not judge whether an action is good or bad by the quality of the action but by the consequence of the effects. Moore also criticised Christian morality, because these reason an action is good because it pleases God. He said, something is not defined as good because it pleases someone else. Moore invented an interesting term called ‘The Naturalistic fallacy’. Naturalistic fallacy, according to Moore, is to define a term, in this case ‘good’ by means of something which is a state of fact. To explain ‘good’ in terms of pleasure, is committing a Naturalistic fallacy. His reasoning is as thus: if something gives me pleasure, and thus because of this feeling, I say it is good; I conclude, since it is good, then I ought to do it – this is a wrong conclusion. ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a moral statement. Moore was an intuitionist. Moore says that the word ‘good’ is not defined by its natural qualities (the qualities which are natural to something and which describe the object e. g. a red, juicy strawberry. If someone is asked why the strawberry is good, his answer will be, ‘because it is red and juicy’ thus defining ‘good’ by its natural qualities). For Moore, good is good and cannot be defined. The objectivists say that moral terms are explained by means of natural qualities. Objectivism is the view that the claims of ethics are objectively true. They are not relative to subject or culture. A term is defined as thus because it is as thus. So good is good not because of feelings or situations, the definition of which would be from a subjectivist point of view, giving rise to relativism. ‘Good’ is defined as thus, because the actions showing good are inscribed in us in the natural law. So according to objectivists, ‘good’ is described by its natural qualities. Naturalism, which the objectivists used, is a term which interprets the word as it is standing for natural characteristics. This may be misleading as good might stand for a quality of pleasure or for something to be desired, and this is not always right. Something pleasurable may in actual fact be wrong. One argument against naturalism, which the objectivists use, is that attribution (is) is confused with identity (ought). ‘Is’ is a statement of fact, while ‘ought’ is a moral statement. These (‘is’ and ‘ought’) are sometimes confused. Thus if something is pleasurable, thus it is good, thus it ought to be done, is (1) a wrong definition of ‘good’, (2) a wrong assumption as not all pleasures are good. One cannot equate good with solely pleasure. Moore goes deeper. In defining a word, he tried to split it into simpler terms. According to Moore, ‘good’ cannot be split into any simpler terms as it is already in the simplest term. So Moore’s philosophy states that ‘good’ is ‘good’. ‘Good’ is indefinable. Subjectivist point of view Subjectivism means that what is right or wrong is defined from the perspective of one’s attitudes, one’s theories and one’s emotions. Subjectivism is based on feelings, and as a result of emotivism. Subjectivism may also be called emotivism. Subjectivism is ethical values expressed in emotional values; personal emotions which can differ from one person to another. Thus there is no fixed standard, no norm, no mean. David Hume He is a basic figure in subjectivism. He was a 17th century philosopher. Hume was also an empiricist (tries to tie knowledge to experience) as he did not use rationalism (reason) but got experience from things around him. Hume said that all we know comes from around us, from our senses 9what we see, what we feel). Decante on the other hand used rationalism. Kant tried to fuse empiricism and rationalism. Hume thus says that a person, basically, is a bunch of sense experiences. He also says that the senses can never lead us to the universal truth. We cannot say that something is right or wrong just from our senses. According to Hume, ethics is not built on reason (which is what Aristotle says) but on the senses. The universal truths (which are basically what the natural law states – do good to others, harm no one etc) are simply cut off by Hume’s subjective approach. Hume emptied ethics from any rational foundation – he shifted ethics based on reason (like that of Aristotle) to ethics based on emotions or feelings. Hume says not to look for reason but for sentiments – thus if something feels good – do it. He said that passion not reason is what leads us to do something – reason alone is ineffective. According to Hume, it is sentiments and not reason which are the foundations of morality. Hume said that statements like ‘This car is red’ (descriptive) and ‘This action is good’ (evaluative) are statements both of the same nature. He mixed descriptive and evaluative argument. In the statement, ‘This person is good’ one is not saying something about the person, but it is my reaction towards that person. Three philosophers affected by Hume were AJ Ayer, CL Stevenson and Hare. AJ Ayer According to Ayer, when we make a judgement, it can be classified as 1. empirical or factual 2. logical or analytical 3. emotive Ayer said that ethical statements are non-statements because you cannot verify them (as in analytical statements) and you cannot make them as a statement of fact (empirical statement or factual). Ethical statements such as good, just expresses one’s emotions (emotivism) – a statement depending on one’s feelings. For Ayer ethical statements are meaningless. Ethical concepts, such as good, cannot be analysed because they are not real oncepts at all – they are false concepts. He stated, ‘The presence of an ethical symbol (good is an ethical symbol) in a statement adds nothing to its factual content, meaning nothing is stated about the nature of the ethical symbol. Thus ‘good’ has no value when describing someone or something – for Ayer ‘good’ was just a way of expressing a feeling about the person/object concerned. CL Stevenson Statements such as ‘good’ do not say anything about state of facts but says only about one’s behaviour, one’s attitudes and one’s feelings. Ethical statements such as ‘good’ do not express a belief, only attitudes. Beliefs are based on reason, attitudes and one’s emotions (emotive). ‘Moral discourses are primarily not informative but influential’, says Stevenson. Thus when I say ‘John is good’, I am expressing my feelings and at the same time influencing others by my statement. Stevenson, being emotive, says that ethical language, such as good, does not give us information about the person or object – they simply express one’s emotions. They simply intent to inform, they do not say anything about the nature. Hare While Ayer and Stevenson said that ethical statements are non-rational, non-logical, Hare is introducing rationality. He says that by a statement one influences another person, if the latter accepts it, and to do so he must understand it and he has to use his reason. Another point that Hare brought up is that an ethical statement can be 1. emotive 2. action guiding To guide it involves rationality. So ethical statements are not simply giving a piece of information, but action guiding (presciptivism – moral commitment to the giving or accepting of a command). Hare says that ‘a right action is one which ought to be done’ while ‘a wrong action is one that ought not to be done’. The prescriptive theory holds that the words ‘good’ or ‘bad’ are used not simply to command but to comment (=give an advice to do or not to do). ‘Good’ as applied to objects. It is important to distinguish between ‘meaning’ and ‘criteria’. Meaning always has a value, but criteria (the description) is different. ‘This marker is good’ or ‘This microphone is good’. The meaning is the same as the marker writes and the microphone amplifies sound. As applied to people, if I say, ‘John is a good man’. If we stick to the idea of Hare, that moral discourse, ethical statements, are action guiding, am I saying that ‘if you want a good man choose John’. It does not make sense. So when we place human beings as morally good, we are not talking about use or function. Hare deals with the distinction of the function and by treating the moral sense of good, it becomes an advice for imitation rather than a choice. A weak point of Hare: he still says that moral statements (such as good) still not saying anything about the person, but simply is a matter of influencing others and telling others to imitate him. Moral discourse is not only influential but action guiding – brings in rationality. He is still an emotivist saying that if an object is good, I am action guiding you; if a person is good I am just telling you to imitate him. Functionalist approach The functionalist approach is defining good in terms of aim and purpose. Good is the fulfilment of a function. For example a marker is good because it fulfils its function – it writes. If you are saying something is good, you are saying something about the object. O am not reflecting my emotions on an object (thus not an emotivist). A functionalist approach is based on its function. An emotivist approach is based on the attitude. A person chooses the good from the bad chooses a good life, because we are aiming at a ‘goal’ at an ‘end’. Aristotle is saying that there is something in-built in every object, in every person, to seek the good – the good being that at which all things aim. For a person to live a good life, he must understand the purpose of the human life. The purpose of human life is common to all humans, from a philosophical point of view – to have a good life. Aristotle defined end or purpose as ‘that for the sake a thing is done’ and good ‘as that at which all things aim’. Aristotle aid that God and nature do nothing in vain – that everything in the universe has been created to achieve a particular purpose. According to Aristotle the purpose of all human beings is the same. To understand the meaning of the word ‘good’ and of the ‘good life’, we have to understand the purpose of the human life and thus the metaphysics of the universe. In attempting to answer the meaning of ‘good’, Aristotle looked at the dynamic elements of the world around us (oak tree, chimpanzees, humans and so on). This is the general characteristics which defines Aristotle’s philosophy (metaphysics and ethics) and teleological (the study of the ends and purpose of things). According to Plato’s metaphysical views, he came with two kinds of worlds, the world of ideal and the world of reality. What we see is not the real world but an imitation of the ideal world. So substance in the ideal world is not included in the real world. Aristotle was Plato’s student but he still rejected Plato’s approach. Aristotle brought together the world of ideal and the world of reality. What we see is not an imitation – it is real. To explain the universe, Aristotle gave the theory of the four causes. 1. natural cause 2. formal cause 3. effective cause 4. final cause The theory of the four causes explains the dynamic nature of all the animate objects including human beings. In that way we can understand the goal, the purpose of the life of a human being, thus the meaning of a good life and the meaning of the word good. Metaphysics gives us a way of understanding reality how the human person acts and behaves, this behaviour can be living a good or a bad life. Ethics and metaphysics are distinct but interrelated. The theory of the four causes goes to explain, that if we think of an example of something which is produced by an agent such as a statue – then Material cause – that which constitutes the statue eg marble Formal cause – the pattern or blue print determining the form and the result Efficient cause – agency producing the result eg tools, sculpture Final cause – the sake for which the cause is produced ie the end towards which the production is directed In the case of humans: Material cause – genes Formal cause – human Efficient cause – freedom, intention, responsibility, practical reasoning Final cause – the good life In humans the efficient cause and final cause are dependent of the formal cause – the fact that I am a human being. We are free to make choices in the efficient cause, choosing responsibility or lack of it, thus effecting the final cause. Aristotle also spoke about potency and actuality. Potency is the potentiality of something or someone – characteristics, which if cultured, become actual. Actuality means when something, which is potential, becomes actual. So we have to ask†¦what is our potentiality? We have a potential to reach our goal in life. Conclusion Having been exposed to these three views, in the definition of the word ‘good’, I think that subjectivism is the view which least defines well the word ‘good’. This view shows relativism and emotivism. To define a word well, especially one with a moral value/a virtue, there has to be a norm, a mean, a standard and subjectivism fails to do this. On the other hand, the functionalist definition of the word ‘good’ is the best definition of all as it shows a standard – its function; so there is no relativism involved. How to cite Good in the Moral Context, Papers

Bridge to a Wisemans Cove Analytical Essay free essay sample

The author utilises the shop as an unwelcoming place to demonstrate an overview of the possible beginning of Carl’s new life. In this quote, â€Å"Not taking any responsibility† (page 13), Moloney uses Mr Nugent’s grumpiness to demonstrate how unwanted Carl in Wattle Beach would be. James Moloney made use of characterisation to construct Carl’s psychological and emotional state throughout his journey. He shaped him as obese, a person that comes from a dysfunctional family and an outcast. Carl’s physical appearance and family background, portrayed by Moloney, affected him psychologically. When Carl is offered a job on the barge, this gives him an opportunity to change his negative body image. â€Å"He was ashamed of his fleshy bulges†¦ only solitary human being† (page 23 and 37). Carl’s outward appearance influences his self-perception, thus moulding him into a self-conscious young man which in time he would learn to overcome. On the other hand, the author characterises Harley as wild, a rascal and badly behaved. We will write a custom essay sample on Bridge to a Wisemans Cove Analytical Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"†¦pinched†¦ spray cans†¦ covered†¦ town in graffiti†¦ don’t need anyone† (page 91-93). Moloney created Harley in this way, so Carl would feel that it’s his responsibility to protect him and keep him out of trouble. Carl needed to become Harley’s protector, following and keeping an eye on him. This also shows Carl’s devotion towards Harley which culminated when Harley was lost at sea. He now understands how strong a family connection is. Similarly, Joy Duncan is characterised as caring, nice, fair and the ‘bridge’ to Carl’s self-discovery by the author. â€Å"Joy Duncan sticking up for a Matt†¦ The world’s gone crazy† (page 85). Although Carl’s grandfather killed Joy’s son, Joy continues to extend her love for Carl. This brings Carl into realisation that someone actually loved him. He then was able to reconcile his feelings about his mother. When Joy discovered that Carl’s mother was in facet returning home, prior to the accident, she is able to console Carl and again offer her love. The author uses symbolism to the novel to illustrate Carl’s emotional and psychological journey. The osprey is a symbol for both of their development through life’s hardships. â€Å"I’m like the osprey†¦ couldn’t get off the ground because the pain was too much† (page 230). James Moloney symbolises the bird’s fight for freedom to represent what Carl experiences. Both suffer physically and emotionally. When the bird is set free, it is Joy who remarks â€Å"†¦It must be great† (page 193). This quote by her is meant to be about Carl and his ongoing journey. The barge is a metaphorical element that Moloney created, which embodies the relationship that Carl developed within his journey. This helped him overcome his feeling of abandonment and rejection from his mother and sister because now, he no longer feels like he doesn’t belong and everyone in Wattle Beach now desire to be him. ‘barge†¦ trips†¦ journey†¦ to the island’ (page 71). A barge shifts cars from one place to another, likewise, his new found friendship assisted him to shift into a confident young man. The transition from Carl’s colourless life, towards the accepted, idolised and cherished Carl, symbolises the bridge. The bridge similar to the barge allows Carl to move forward accepting his continuous change in his physical and emotional lifestyle. ‘A Bridge at Last’ (page 216). The hunger for being valued and welcome is similar to their eagerness for the bridge. The â€Å"bridge† is designed as the catalyst for Carl’s alteration by the author. James Moloney used a variety of literary devices to finalize his novel. To demonstrate Carl’s emotional and psychological changes, he used the techniques setting, characterisation and symbolism. Moloney crafted Carl as a wimpy, self-conscious and a loner initially. As the novel progresses, Carl slowly matures into the confident, sociable and friendly young man. Carl’s new friends, the barge and the admiration and love offered to Carl triggered Carl’s transformation of himself. ‘Carl opened up†¦ letting go and feeling a freedom flood into him. The tears he craved welled in his eyes†¦ he knew at last that he was alive’ (page 241).